ADHD: What It Is, Symptoms, and How to Treat It
Also known as ADHD, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is considered a mental illness, with its main symptoms being difficulty concentrating, hyperactivity, and impulsive behavior.
The first signs appear in childhood and can negatively impact adulthood as well. Since it is still a condition surrounded by doubts, stigma, and prejudice, there are many challenges in diagnosing and treating it.
Keep reading this article to better understand ADHD, its symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options!
What is ADHD?
ADHD is a chronic and multifactorial condition. Its main characteristics are attention deficit, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
It is estimated that ADHD affects about 7% of the global population. Symptoms usually appear early in life and are characterized by difficulty maintaining focus on long tasks, along with impulsive behavior and lack of caution.
Because of these traits, personal relationships are often severely impacted. It is common for individuals with ADHD to be excluded, rejected, or teased.
ADHD is frequently associated with poor academic performance and social rejection, making a professional diagnosis essential to initiate appropriate treatment.
What Are the 18 Symptoms of ADHD?
To diagnose ADHD, standardized scales are used. One of the most common lists 18 characteristic symptoms:
- Careless mistakes or lack of attention to detail
- Difficulty maintaining focus
- Problems organizing tasks
- Frequently losing items
- Easily distracted by external stimuli
- Difficulty following instructions
- Forgetfulness in daily activities
- Trouble staying seated
- Constant feeling of restlessness
- Inability to wait one’s turn
- Interrupting others
- Blurts out answers
- Difficulty with quiet activities
- Talks excessively
- Struggles with prolonged mental effort
- Avoids or dislikes difficult tasks
- Misses appointments
- Poor pace control in tasks
What Are the 3 Types of ADHD?
Predominantly Inattentive Type
Marked by difficulty focusing and organizing, with less impulsivity or hyperactivity. More common in females.
Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type
Characterized by impulsiveness and agitation. Children with this type may be misunderstood by teachers and peers.
Combined Type
Involves symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. This type can lead to greater social challenges.
ADHD and Mental Health: Anxiety, Depression, and Other Comorbidities
ADHD often coexists with other disorders, such as:
Anxiety
Struggles with organization and social pressure can lead to chronic worry and tension.
Depression
Impulsiveness and social withdrawal may result in low self-esteem and depressive symptoms.
Bipolar Disorder
Its symptoms can resemble ADHD. In some cases, both conditions may coexist, requiring careful differential diagnosis.
How Is ADHD Diagnosed?
Diagnosis is complex and individualized, requiring assessment by psychologists, psychiatrists, or neurologists.
Diagnosis process includes:
- Detailed clinical interview
- Scales and questionnaires (e.g., Conners Scale)
- Review of school and family history
- DSM-5 diagnostic criteria
- Ruling out other conditions (anxiety, depression, etc.)
How Is ADHD Treated?
Treatment must be personalized and may include:
- Behavioral therapy: helps reduce impulsivity and improve social relationships
- Medication: such as methylphenidate or atomoxetine
- School and workplace accommodations
- Regular exercise and a balanced diet
FAQ
Is ADHD curable?
No, but it can be effectively managed to improve quality of life.
How do I know if I have ADHD?
Only through professional clinical assessment.
Does ADHD only affect children?
No. ADHD can persist into adulthood.
Is ADHD hereditary?
Yes, there is a genetic component involved.